Research Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Research Project - Assignment Example By value, this constitutes about 76% and 63% by volume. There is a difference between the contribution of men and women to the skin care market. While women contribute 72% share by value, the men contribute 38% (PR Newswire 2013). Nonetheless, this is quite true, as women in the UK account for 50% of the UK population. In addition, it is a fact that in most parts of the world, women are the major users of beauty products. This is also the case in the United Kingdom. However, it is expected that in future, more men will use beauty products, as they focus more on their personal grooming and hygiene (Premium beauty news n.d). Therefore, it important to understand the different factors that influence the decision of consumers in the UK to purchase skin care products. The purpose of this research study is to explore the present environment of skin care industry in the UK. Special focus is on the loyalty of consumers, as well as their purchasing. The study will therefore, also assess the decisions of people in the UK to buy skin care products. In this case therefore, the study will explore various push factors, which influence people in the UK to buy skin care products. The scope of this research is limited to the study on the skin care market in the UK only. This involves the factors influencing the decision of people in the UK to purchase skin care products. Therefore, this study does not study the global market. For this reason, the findings of this study cannot be generalized to other skin care markets outside the UK. This is because the factors influencing the purchase of skin care products by consumers vary from country to country. The UK ranks as the third largest economy in Europe, as it comes after Germany and France (EUbusiness 2014). UK consists of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It is served by London as the capital city. Overall, the UK has a population of approximately 61.7 million as

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Essay Example for Free

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Essay Guillain-Barre’ syndrome is a disorder in which your body’s immune system attacks your nerves. The exact cause of this syndrome is unknown, but it is however often preceded by an infectious illness such as a respiratory infection or the stomach flu. Luckily Guillain-Barre’ syndrome is uncommon, only affecting 1 or 2 people per 100,000. Guillain-Barre’ syndrome often begins with tingling and weakness starting in your feet and legs and spreading to upper body and arms. In some people however, symptoms begin in the arms or even face. As the disorder progresses, muscle weakness can evolve into paralysis. Signs and symptom may include: * Prickling, â€Å"pins and needle† sensations in fingers, toes or both * Weakness or tingling in legs that spreads to upper body * Unsteady walking or inability to walk * Difficulty in eye movement, facial movement, speaking, chewing or swallowing * Severe low back pain * Difficult in bladder/intestinal control functions * Rapid heart rate * Low or high blood pressure * Difficulty in breathing Most people with this experience their most significant weakness within 4 weeks after symptoms begin. In some cases, signs and symptoms may progress very rapidly, within a few hours. Guillain-Barre can affect all age groups. May be triggered by: most commonly an infection with Campylobacter, a type of bacteria found often in undercooked food, especially poultry. Mycoplasma pneumonia, surgery, Epstein-Barr virus, influenza, Hodgkin’s disease, mono, HIV, and rarely rabies or influenza immunizations. This syndrome affects your nerves and may prompt a domino-like effect in other systems in your body. Some complications may include: breathing difficulties. Residual numbness/tingling, full recovery may be slow often taking a year or longer, however between 20 and 30 % of patients have an incomplete recovery. Cardiovascular problems. Pain. Blood clots. Pressure sores. Guillain-Barre can be difficult to diagnose in it’s early stages. The first step is a careful review of your medical history. Then a spinal tap, and nerve tests. The most common treatment is plasmapheresis- which is also known as plasma exchange. Intravenous immunoglobulin. And as recovery begind physical therapy usually is needed to help regain strength and proper movement.

Human Resource Management :: Personnel Management

Human Resource Management This project is designed to show what I have learned in the Human Resource Management course. The project provides guidelines on the information I learned in class about real life scenarios. This would give me the opportunity to identify and explain all the factors that relate to organizational behavior. I intend to demonstrate my knowledge and my ability to implement the skills that I have acquired in this class. In the movie â€Å"Gladiator† Russell Crowe plays the role of the Roman general Maximus, who was betrayed by his friends and was ordered to be killed. He was able to escape death and return home, where he found his wife and son killed by the New Emperor. Maximus sought revenge, but he was captured by slave traders and was brought to the gladiator school. Once again Maximus showed great potential as an outstanding fighter and a leader. His decisions were quick, which made his spectators love him. Maximus was selected to go to the gladiator game in Rome; if he lived there, he would be granted freedom. Maximus accepted the offer and went to Rome. During the games, Maximus proved that he was a great leader and warrior—he was able to capture his spectators. The New Emperor was extremely frightened when he recognized Maximus as a potential threat. The Emperor had many enemies and with Maximus being in Rome, his situation was worsened. Maximus was going to over throw the Emp eror with the aid of Senate and the Emperor’s sister. Maximus’ army was loyal to him; they would help him avenge his family and over throw the Emperor. The plot against the Emperor failed, which lead Maximus’ face-to-face confrontation with the Emperor in the Coliseum. The Emperor stabbed Maximus before the match, which made him very weak. Despite the wounds inflicted by the Emperor, Maximus was able to defeat and kill the Emperor. Maximus too died (from his wounds) but he accomplished his goal to avenge his family. In my opinion Maximus is an extravert owing to his ability to get along with people. He had a lot of energy, and has a great deal of relationships with other characters in the movie. Throughout the movie, Maximus showed his ability to deal with people in many situations. For example, in the beginning of the movie, when he was fighting the barbarians before the battle he drove throughout his army talking to his soldiers and getting them ready.

Will Canada Become The 51st St :: essays research papers

Is Canada going to be swallowed up by the United States? A political cartoon based on Pierre Trudeau's famous quote, 'Living next to you (the United States) is like sleeping with an elephant. No matter how friendly and even tempered is the beast, one is affected by every twist and grunt.'; was made. This means when something occurs in the United States, we too are affected. If the United States goes to war, because we belong to N.A.T.O., Canada would support their position. If McDonalds, an American based company, were to close down, then many Canadian workers would lose their jobs since McDonalds is well established in Canada. Many Canadian businesses are American owned, such as Ford, Burger King, Chevrolet, Wendy's, and Walmart to name a few. Also, many more sports teams are owned in America than in Canada. For example, only 5 hockey teams exist in Canada, while the United States has at least 5 times more teams. Our players must be payed in American funds, and one American dollar i s worth $1.50 in Canada. Those are some ways Canada is being swallowed by the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, Canada is a valued trade partner for the Americans. For example, the United States has a dire need for our natural resources, such as water. Having polluted their own water supply, the now looks to Canada for the solution to their problem. If Canada were to become a part of the United States, our water would become polluted, forcing the United States government to buy even more clean water from another country for even more people. Also, the differences in our political systems would mean change for both the United States and Canada, which would doubtlessly upset millions of people. Would we have a President or a Prime Minister? Indeed, our 'assimilation' would be difficult. However, youth would have little trouble fitting in, since we wear the same clothes, listen to the same music, watch the same television shows, and play the same games.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But how would the assimilation begin? The answer is simple. If Quebec were to win a referendum and leave Canada, we would lose much of our industry. After Quebec, the maritime provinces would also leave, which would cripple us further. In desperate need of a stable economy, we would begin negotiations with the United States. The House of Commons would become a meaningless symbol, along with many of our historical buildings and monuments.

Romeo And Juliet -Thesis

A. INTRODUCTIONWilliam Shakespeare, an English playwright, was widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world’s pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called â€Å"England’s National Poet†. Shakespeare’s early classical works include greatest comedies such as â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream†, â€Å"Merchant of Venice† and â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing†. Shakespeare also wrote three tragedies namely â€Å"Macbeth†, â€Å"Julius Caesar† and the very famous romantic tragedy, â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†.Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy about two young star-crossed lovers whose death ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among William Shakespeare’s most popular plays during his lifetime and was one of the most frequently performed plays.This thesis aims to prove that Romeo and Juliet is Shakespeare’s most famous work among high school students of St. Joseph School of Fairview. The story is so popular that until today, with its many adaptations, it is still the most performed plays especially by the students. The story itself is so popular that many teenagers can relate with their own life story as this kind of love story do exists at present time.B. THESIS STATEMENTâ€Å"Romeo and Juliet is the most famous play of William Shakespeare among high school students of St. Joseph School of Fairview.†C. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYOur thesis will not only tell you the story of Romeo and Juliet but will let you know and realize why we say that Romeo and Juliet is the most popular story that William Shakespeare has ever written.The objective of this research is to encourage the young generation today to read and appreciate the story of Romeo and Juliet for them not to be involved in the same situation, but to educate them with the pros and cons of being in love.D. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONSThe scope of this research are the High school students of St. Jos eph School of Fairview. The limitations of this research

Wicca and Witchcraft essays

Wicca and Witchcraft essays Much of the knowledge about witchcraft is a combination of archeological data, passed down myths, and some translated historical documents. Wicca is overall a very flexible religion, representing people from many paths and backgrounds. Its not only a religion but also a way of life. At the simplest level, Wicca is a religion that embraces nature, individualism, and magic. No one can say for certain what the ancestors really did, or why (Walker 1, Kettler 1). After the Thirteenth Century, people began believing that magic was from the devil, and witches were bonded with Satan. Satan is a Christian creation of a fallen angel. Wiccans are not Christian; do not worship a Christian god, or a Christian devil. For the most part, there is no deity of ultimate evil in the Wiccan belief structure. Oppression against religious movements is as old as recorded religion. The Crusades, Christian martyrdom, the destruction of the Cathar and other "heretics", anti-Semitic actions, and the burning of African-American churches in the southern region of the United States, all reflect oppressive and sometimes genocidal acts against members of differing religious groups. Many witches, the lowest number being in the thousands, were burned at the stake, and put to death. It was not until the Eighteenth Century that the witch-hunts ended. The last big outbreak was the famous Salem Witch Trials. If one were to assume that hatred of witches is a thing of the past, one would be sadly mistaken. One has only to look as far as the media portrayal of witches and other pagans. There are those today who are convinced that the Neo-pagan movement is directed by Satan in a deliberate ploy to destroy good Christians (Baker 1-3). The Development of Wicca in the United States started in the early nineteenth century. A new natural religion gradually evolved. It gathered momentum in the mid-Twentieth Century with the Neo-Pagan movement, considered t...

Violence essays

Violence essays Violence is, at its core, a physical act intended to injure, damage, hurt or destroy another person. Webster's New World Dictionary also offers " great force or strength of feeling, conduct or expression; vehemence, fury" as an alternate definition. But to understand violence as a concept, one must consider more than it's simple definition. The motivations behind violence vary according to the situation, and there are different types of violence as well. The causes, perpetrators and victims of must be considered in order to fully understand violence as a concept. The causes of violence are intricately tied to the demographics of the people involved. The most common types of violence include: gangs and youth violence, violence among certain ethnic groups, and violence against women. These three categories by no means cover the gamut of violent acts, but many of the most common incidents of violence fit into one of these Gang violence depends on strength in numbers, and they typically appear in larger cities as grass-roots organizations among teenagers. The purpose and goals of gangs vary; some gangs are mainly motivated by economics: selling drugs, extorting from merchants and gambling. Other gangs are primarily protection vehicles and social organizations. Violence becomes a part of the gang under the following circumstances: "escalation of ordinary rough-and-tumble behavior, which can turn into an issue of status, competition with other gangs, labeling by others as being violent, and/or group cohesion processes which are reinforced via violent behavior" ("Gangs"). Also, gang homicides are typically attributed to fear and retaliation, and while most gang members join as teens, "the lack of economic opportunities for inner-city youth has led many gang members to continue gang membership rather than "growing out" of their gangs and ...

E911 essays

E911 essays The FCC E911 Regulation is Essential for Consumers In June of 1996, the FCC proposed a mandate for E-911 services. The wireless E911 order provides value-added service for all cellular phone users and consumers. This regulation has designed to implement 911 requirements for cellular, PCS and SMR carriers. The FCC has established telecommunication regulations to provide 911 access to consumers. The requirements have been planned in a three-stage deployment process. However, it was later revamped into a two-phase process. This regulation (CC Docket No. 94-102) has many different parts, which are currently under reconsideration by the FCC. Basically, the regulation requires that MLTS (Multi-Line Telephone System) providers to provide emergency service by single line residential, business telephone service and wireless services whether telephone services are in service or not. As my employer is a wireless telephone provider, I will be focusing on the wireless regulations associated with CC Docket No. 94-102. The FCC requires all cellular service providers to accept 911 calls from any wireless phone. Even those phones that have no service contract or number assigned. With wireless calls, a user should be able to dial 911 and reach a 911 operator whether the cellular telephone is under contract and in service or not. These calls for emergency assistance are free of charge. As a call is made for any 911 emergency, the cellular provider's system will route the call to the nearest 911 operator. Thus acting as a locating service for the user and the emergency operations. This mandated will take effect on October of 2001. The new FCC regulation provides both challenges and barriers to telecommunication providers. There are three major issues each provider must overcome. The first is how to determine the past way to provide the mandated service to consumers. Each carrier must deploy the technology to provider the caller's ...

Interview about one's believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interview about one's believe - Essay Example However, through some difficult circumstances. My mother got in a hospitan with a cancer, when I came home after another party dad told me the news. I was shocked and scared for mom’s life. So when I came to a hospital and saw her in such a bad condition, I was desperate and started praying. I remembered how to pray, we used to do it in our church, but thereat, in front of my sick mother, I didn’t feel like what I was saying to God was right. I was irritated, because it seemed to me that God didn’t respond to my prayer. And I promised to Him that I will cut ties with that bad company, if He helps my mother. I understand that it is not really religious to bargain with The Lord, but it actually worked. My mom’s surgery was successful, and since then I realized that God is not equal to religion. I don’t know What God is, or probably, there is no possible way for me to get to know Him fully. All I can is to read Bible, because He told people to do so, and try to understand how should I live to please Him. People should understand that our Lord is not something, which forces us to live rightly, no, He gives us freedom to choose, He talks to us, another thing that we usually don’t hear Him. My religion for me it’s a way to surround myself with people who share my views, in addition, I think God hears us better when we get together and pray to Him. Of course, I just think that They are the one, but a kind of play different roles in this world, I can’t explain it, but I know for sure that Jesus saved me, The Lord is my father and best friend, and Holy Spirit is always with me. I believe that I can tell Them anything and They will always understand me, forgive me and show me how to behave in accordance with Their will. It’s not like They force me to live like They want, I want it, because my life is always better when I feel their constant

Drug Profile Chart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drug Profile Chart - Essay Example The most dramatic consequence is the experience of stimulant-induced toxic psychosis. This phenomenon is characterized by feelings of persecution, delusions, and hallucinations. During such an episode, the user is capable of thinking clearly and can recall relevant and extraneous facts leading to increased blood pressure, heart action, breathing, and metabolic rate. The first step is to taper off the drug's dose and attempting to treat withdrawal symptoms. The detoxification process could then be followed by one of many behavioral therapies or cognitive behavioral therapy Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, Phenobarbital, Barbs, Reds, Red birds, Phennies, Tooies, Yellows, Yellow jackets, Truth serum, Downers, Blue heavens, Blue velvet, Blue devils, Nembies, Abbots, Mexican yellows, Purple hearts, Goof balls, Red devils, Lilly, F-40s, Pinks, Pink ladies, Seggy, Rainbows, Double trouble, Gorilla pills, F-66s (Names are often based on the colour of the diverted commercial product) When taken in high doses, barbiturates can cause serious side effects, including unpredictable emotional reactions and mental confusion Judgment becomes severely impaired and the user may experience mood swings. Self help groups are the most commonly sought source of help for alcohol-related

Flexible Work Schedule and its Impact on Private Company Employee Research Proposal

Flexible Work Schedule and its Impact on Private Company Employee Performance in Saudi Arabia - Research Proposal Example In the 21st Century though, there is the need for some kind of departure from the normal 8-hour working day in a five working day need for several reasons. Bohlander & Snell (2009 p173) identifies that the departure from the normal schedule might be necessary to keep the organizational productivity high and enhance the morale of workers by giving them control over their work schedule. This is because people now have a wide array of needs and desires at different times of their lives. The typical expectations of a worker might be the need to attend to family commitments, need for leisure and pleasure to enjoy earnings and the need for social commitments like maintaining religious and extended family ties (Segev, 2005 p78). Additionally, deviation from the normal 8 to 5 work schedule allows businesses to maintain the stature of an attractive employer. This enables a business to attract the best employees on the open market. Collectively, the recruitment and selection of the best employees allows a business to attain long-term benefits for the business. Bohlander & Snell (2009 p174) identifies the concept of flexible work schedule as an attempt by a business to maintain high productivity levels whilst deviating from the traditional working-hour requirements of their employees. In other words, flexible work schedule (FWS) allows a business to set up a system which enables employees to continue working and meeting high levels of results without necessarily having to work from 8am to 5pm for five days in a week.... Bohlander & Snell (2009 p174) identify four main types of flexible work schedule. They include: 1. Compressed Workweek: This entails reducing the number of days in the workweek by lengthening the hours of work each week. Thus for example, a person might be required to work for ten hours a day and for four days in a week instead of eight hours a day for five days a week. The 4/10 work week will enable the worker to take a day off to attend to other things. 2. Flexitime: This is a system where the worker will be allowed to choose daily starting and quitting hours. Typically, the flexitime system might give the employee a range of possibilities which are negotiable, leaving peak hours or crucial hours as non-negotiable times (Liff, 2007 p74). Thus a worker can choose to start work at 6am and close at 2pm or start at 10am and close at 6pm, with each covering an 8-hour period. 3. Job sharing: This is where two part-time employees take one full time job. In this case, each of the employee might have to work for three days a week and from the synergistic efforts of the combined employees, the business would stand to gain more in terms of productivity. 4. Telecommuting: With telecommuting, an employee might be allowed to work from home. This can be attained by the use of modern real-time equipment and gadgets like computers, Internet and telephones. Through telecommuting, an employee can avoid the traffic of traditional commuting, save time and get to handle other social activities effectively. The human ecology theory of motivation suggests that individuals are affected by the external environment they operate within and this enables them to shape their inner thoughts and emotions to attain various results (Bubolz & Sontag, 1993 p2). This indicates that there

Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Literature - Essay Example It is also clear that their heir feelings of nationalistic pride would have been greatly damaged following the humiliation of losing a war they perceived to be a draw. Germans were well aware that the rest of the world looked upon them with contempt and as the losers, giving them plenty of motivation for a new fight. This is why it can be said that the treaty was largely responsible for the Nazi’s rise to power and the inevitable violence of WWII. A great deal of the literature of this period remains focused on the individual and his or her attempts to discover some form of meaning in their lives. For example, Luitov in â€Å"My First Goose† attempts to find his place in a crazy world by abandoning his faith and his homeland in order to become one of the Cossacks. In the crazy world of the uneducated and rough Cossacks, though, he remains empty and unfulfilled because he is quickly branded an outsider and teased. His attempts to join the men in his rough treatment of the old woman and her goose also leave him unfulfilled because he is already feeling the ‘grating’ in his heart indicating that he has retained more of his family’s belief system than he had cared to admit. These stories typically illustrate that while we may not have much control over our lives or be provided with a world that makes any sense, we still have an element of individual control over the choices we make. Our reactions to the results of these choices help us to define who we are as people and help us develop our own sense of meaning. The Occupation of Japan went smoothly because the Americans didn’t try to come in and completely re-seat the Japanese administrative structures. However, things weren’t necessarily all that smooth. Postwar Japan was devastated by the fire bombing, living spaces were scarce and fuel and food were even less plentiful. When the U.S. went into Iraq, though, one of the first things they did was to remove the existing governmental

Dessertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Dessertation - Essay Example This is known as managing a project or project management. Project management has been defined as â€Å"the application of knowledge skills, tools and techniques to project activities in order to meet or exceed stakeholder needs and expectations from the project† (Duncan, 1996). In order to meet or exceed the stakeholder needs and expectations, project management balancing competing demands among, scope, time, costs and quality. Urban transportation system in most countries poses a challenge with the pace at which nations are developing. This is more prominent in the developing countries where the pace of growth is more rapid than the developed countries. Many developing nations have undertaken ambitious projects of constructing the metro rail or the underground railway system as the surface has become crowded with different types of transportation system. Such projects typically have cost and time overruns and are surrounded by litigations and objections from various stakeholders. In additions, the developing nations have numerous pressures from the political and economic set-up for additions and deletions of the proposed route. Factors like these lead to litigation and which are not usually provided in the project planning stage. These factors in turn are responsible for cost and time overruns. India has registered phenomenal growth in the last two decades but the urban transport system continues to pose challenges. Bangalore is one of the major metro cities in India which has been undergoing severe urban traffic congestion problem and urgent measures were adopted. Bangalore has been experiencing a combination of population, economic and spatial growth that has placed tremendous stress on the public infrastructure and services. Economic growth has led to rise in incomes and consequently more demand for road space as people opt for personalized motor vehicles. To reduce

Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Literature - Essay Example It is also clear that their heir feelings of nationalistic pride would have been greatly damaged following the humiliation of losing a war they perceived to be a draw. Germans were well aware that the rest of the world looked upon them with contempt and as the losers, giving them plenty of motivation for a new fight. This is why it can be said that the treaty was largely responsible for the Nazi’s rise to power and the inevitable violence of WWII. A great deal of the literature of this period remains focused on the individual and his or her attempts to discover some form of meaning in their lives. For example, Luitov in â€Å"My First Goose† attempts to find his place in a crazy world by abandoning his faith and his homeland in order to become one of the Cossacks. In the crazy world of the uneducated and rough Cossacks, though, he remains empty and unfulfilled because he is quickly branded an outsider and teased. His attempts to join the men in his rough treatment of the old woman and her goose also leave him unfulfilled because he is already feeling the ‘grating’ in his heart indicating that he has retained more of his family’s belief system than he had cared to admit. These stories typically illustrate that while we may not have much control over our lives or be provided with a world that makes any sense, we still have an element of individual control over the choices we make. Our reactions to the results of these choices help us to define who we are as people and help us develop our own sense of meaning. The Occupation of Japan went smoothly because the Americans didn’t try to come in and completely re-seat the Japanese administrative structures. However, things weren’t necessarily all that smooth. Postwar Japan was devastated by the fire bombing, living spaces were scarce and fuel and food were even less plentiful. When the U.S. went into Iraq, though, one of the first things they did was to remove the existing governmental

Current issues in Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Current issues in Public Relations - Essay Example However, it is because of this reason that there has been concern and effort to control PR efforts utilizing these methods (Yoon 2005; International Public Relations Association (IPRA) 2007). Thus, there is a for continuous and developing research on the opportunities, limitations and concerns raised regarding SEO, RSS and social communication networks in contemporary PR practice. Major trend in information and telecommunication technologies have focused on personalizing systems for its users. According to Weber and her associates (2003) the market, pertaining to internet users, has decidedly been customer driven. SEO's are one of the obvious indications of the demand power of internet users. Queries are dependent on users' prerogative and SEO service providers model their products to suit the convenience of their users. In a similar manner, RSS feeds are based on demand or subscription based on user supplied parameters. In the case of social network communication, there are voluntary membership is often a requirements and considerable privacy clauses are implemented. On the other hand, traditional PR initiatives have been characterized to be general in structure and composition but specifically motivated (Fall 2004). One of the major considerations has always how to get a specific message to as many audiences without alienating third parties. In the case of these technologies, PR campaigns directed through these channels are considered to be more streamlined and efficient (IPRA 2007). Moreover, feedback channels allow for improving strategies and materials. However, this also creates vulnerabilities: there is greater risk of critique, increased technological requirements to monitor reactions and greater necessity to develop social, political and cultural sensitivity (Fall 2004). In a similar vein, Curtin and Gaither (2008) point out that there is a need to understand how these developments are changing PR audiences and communication channels. Considering the range and projected growth of these channels and internet communication in general, its significance is expected to continue to rise. One factor that has particularly supported this trend is the abundance of independent and open source technologies that have become the foundation of personal communication systems and content requirements. This has been apparent in the communication channels to be considered in this study as well. Relevance to the Marketing Mix and Strategies The need to understand the significance of new PR communication channels is at the core of marketing principles or concerns. One of the common realizations is that marketing fundamentals change significantly given that SEO, RSS and social networking operate digitally and often virtually. Considering the impact to the marketing mix, alone, there are significant competencies that have to become attuned to new perspectives (Pieczka 2002). One of the important realizations is that though the internet effectively eliminates traditional barriers to communication but also raised exposure, access and security threats. For the purpose of this study, the relevance of the topic to marketing professionals will be discussed based on how SEO, RSS and social networking. There is generally no variation in marketing materials developed for traditional and

Cognitive Development Theory Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Development Theory Essay As a prospective educator, it is important for me to understand the cognitive development theory and how it applies to individuals. Cognitive development is basically how the thought process begins. It is the way that people learn and how mental processes become elaborate and develop. These processes include remembering things, making decisions, and also solving problems. In order for a teacher to be effective, one must understand how children develop mentally so that each student can be accommodated in the classroom. There are many theories regarding cognitive development, and there are several factors that remain constant throughout all of them. These factors form some of the basic premises on cognitive development, which include the ideas that all people go through specific steps or stages of learning or understanding, and that certain qualifications must be met before learning can occur. It is the actual specifics of these basic premises that cognitive theorists have differing opinions about. (Slavin, 2009) Two theorists that display the basic premises of cognitive development are Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Both theorists have similarities and differences when it comes to their views on cognitive development. We will first begin with the views of the two on the nature or development of intelligence. Piaget believed that children are naturally born with the ability to both interact with and make sense of their environment. Children as well as adults use patterns of thinking called schemes to deal with different things in the world. The process of assimilation and accommodation is used to maintain balance in our daily lives. Piaget believed that â€Å"learning depends on the process of equilibration. When equilibrium is upset, children have the opportunity to grow and develop. † (Slavin, 2009, pg. 32) Different experiences that we face and factors in our environment contribute to developmental change in us. Vygotsky shared some similar ides with Piaget including the belief that the environment plays a huge role in the development of intelligence. He also believed that â€Å"development depended on a sign system, the cultures language or writing system, that children grew up with. â€Å"(Slavin, 2009, pg. 2) Both also believed that there is an invariant sequence of steps that is the same for everyone, and that development is influenced by cognitive conflict. While the two share a few similarities on the development of intelligence, there are also differences as well. Piaget feels that development precedes learning. This simply means that something must take pace before learning can begin. Vygotsky, on the other hand, feels that learning comes before development which is the exact opposite of Piaget. It simply means that you must learn something before development can occur. Piaget and Vygotsky also had both similarities and differences on the stages of development. We will first start with the differences beginning with Piaget who believed that there are four stages to cognitive development. They are the sensorimotor, perioperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. He felt that all children passed through these stages and that you could move faster than others, but not skip a stage. (Slavin, 2009, pg. 33) The sensorimotor stage occurs at birth through two years of age. It is the stage where infants explore their environment using the five senses and motor skills. This includes sucking, grasping, and touching. The perioperational stage is from two to seven years old. Language develops at a fast pace in this stage. At this time the childs thinking is also very self centered, and they lack the understanding of conservation. The concrete operational stage is from ages seven to eleven. At this time, thinking tends to shift from being self-centered to more logical. Problem solving is no longer restricted and the idea of reversibility also occurs. The last and final stage is the formal operational stage. This happens beginning with the age of eleven moving on into adulthood. Systematic experimentation is used to solve problems both symbolic and abstract thinking are now possible in this stage. Vygotsky felt that there was not stages, but different elements to cognitive development. The first element is private speech. â€Å"Private speech is a childs self talk, which guides their thinking and actions, eventually internalized as silent inner speech† (Slavin, 2009, pg. 43) When children are struggling with a difficult situation you often see children talking to themselves to help cope with the situation. When we become adults we still talk to ourselves, but it is usually silent. The next element of cognitive development is the zone of proximal development or ZPD. â€Å"This is the level of development immediately above the persons present level. † (Slavin, 2009, pg. 43) To better understand, this can be described as something that the child may not have learned yet, but are capable of being taught with the assistance of an adult. Educators often refer to this as a â€Å"teachable moment†. (Slavin, 2009, pg. 43) Now that we can see the differences between the two theorists, we can now explore the similarities between the two. Both heorists understand the importance of a child learning a cultures sign system. They both feel that this has a significant impact on development. The two also agree that environmental factors such as sounds, signs, and objects are equally important. Lastly, the two theorists believe that there are some tasks that a child may not understand depending on age, but Vygotsky feels that if it is in the zone of proximal develo pment then the child can be assisted with the help of an adult. Educators have been using both Piaget’s as well as Vygotskys theories in the classroom for years. An example of an activity that can be used in the classroom using Piagets theory of learning takes place in a kindergarten class. The teacher would ask the students to share what they do when it is raining outside. At this age we are in the perioperational stage where children tend to be egocentric. Some say that they go outside and jump in mud puddles while others may say that they stay inside and play with their toys. The children would share their experiences and they would all be correct because not everyone does the same thing. You can use Vygotskys theory of learning in at work in the classroom where third grade students are learning how to classify different types of dirt. You can place the students in groups where they can discuss how you properly classify the dirt. This will allow the students to hear other students thoughts, and see what methods they use to classify. Using this type of cooperative learning allows the students to learn from each other. When comparing both classroom applications we see that both classrooms are working as groups learning from each other. Piaget theory is seen in both classrooms. In the kindergarten classroom, the classroom is seeing that there are different ways to deal with the rain. The students are sharing their personal experiences and showing that there is no wrong answer. There are many ways of doing things . In the third grade classroom, the students are able to classify the dirt using touch and sight to see and feel the differences in each type. Both classrooms are interacting with the environment and learning from it. Vygotskys cooperative learning is also being played out in both classrooms. In the kindergarten classroom, the students are learning that there are different activities that can be done outside in the rain. Similarly, in the third grade class the students are using cooperative learning to find different ways of classifying dirt. In both classrooms the students are using the think out loud process. The differences in the two classrooms also stand out. When applying Piagets theory in the kindergarten classroom, you see that the students are in the perioperational stage. The students are egocentric and feel that what they say is the only right answer to the question. In the third grade class, the students are in the concrete operational stage. They are able to easily look at and see the differences in the types of dirt that they are working with. When it comes to Vygotskys theory in the kindergarten classroom, the students are working within their zone of proximal development. The students may not understand that they can do more than one thing in the rain because they have done the same thing every time. The teacher is using this as a teachable moment to allow the students to teach each other the different things that can be done. In the third grade class, on the other hand, private speech is being used. The students are saying their thoughts out loud to classify the dirt. When the students are using cooperative learning they are learning the different ways in which the other students use to classify the dirt. In conclusion, we can see how and why it is important to understand and know how to apply cognitive development theories in the classroom. Both Piaget and Vygotsky played major roles in how we teach our children in todays world. We can use information and skills from both theorists to shape our students into great learners.

Parental Relationships and Father Absence Association Study

Parental Relationships and Father Absence Association Study Table of Results. Table One. Differences in Mate Preferences Between Father Absent and Father Present Girls as Assessed Using Mann-Whitney. ns – not significant (two tailed). Table Two. Spearman’s Correlations Between Mother-Child Relationships and Mate Preferences Within British and Chinese Girls Regardless of Parental Presence. ns – not significant (two tailed). Table Three. Spearman’s Correlations Between Father-Child Relationships and Mate Preferences Within British and Chinese Girls Regardless of Parental Presence. ns – not significant (two tailed). Table Four. Differences in Mate Preference Between Girls Whose Parents Split Before They Were 13 and Those Who Split After They Were 13. Table Five. Differences in Mate Preferences Between British and Chinese Girls Whose Fathers Were Absent During Childhood. Table Six. Differences in Mate Preferences Within Chinese Girls Whose Fathers Were Absent During Childhood as Compared to Those Whose Fathers were Present. Table Seven. Differences in Mate Preferences Within British Girls Whose Fathers Were Absent During Childhood as Compared to Those Whose Fathers were Present. Discussion. This study examined the association between parental relationships and father absence on a number of aspects of female mate preferences in a sample of 103 Chinese and 48 British adolescent girls. There were three main aims. Firstly, to assess whether there is an association between parent-daughter relationships and subsequent mate choice. In order to assess whether there were differences in mate selection between father absent and father present girls, those girls who stated that they had either never lived with their father (3%) or that their parents were separated and they lived with their mother (25.6%), were compared to those girls whose parents were together (55%), who had never lived with their mother (1.5%) and whose parents were separated and lived with their father (3%). Those individuals who stated that they had never lived with their biological parents (2.3%), or who stated that they belonged to the category ‘other’ (3%), were excluded from this analysis. The results presented in table one reveal that there are significant differences between girls whose fathers were absent and girls whose fathers were present within a number of variables, thus supporting the hypothesis proposed. Girls whose fathers were present were significantly more concerned about the economic suitability of their future partners and were also significantly more concerned about the commitment of their future partners, than girls whose fathers were not present. It was also thought important to assess the possibility that the timing of parental separation was influential in subsequent mate choice. In order to assess this, those individuals whose parents were separated, were categorised according to whether this split occurred before, or after, they were 13 years old and differences in mate selection were compared between the two groups. There were no significant differences observed between girls whose parents split up before they were 13 and girls whose parents split up afterwards, although there are two near significant relationships of note. Girls whose parents split up before they were 13 were more likely to desire sexual intercourse earlier on in a relationship and in addition they were more likely to desire short term partners who were younger than themselves. In order to further assess whether there is a relationship between parent-daughter relationships and subsequent mate choice Spearman’s correlations were conducted for the sample as a whole on the data provided about the parent-child interaction and the mate selection variables. These results were presented in tables two and three. In terms of the mother-daughter relationship, significant positive correlations were observed between both the mother’s care and the partner’s age in both short and long term relationships. A significant negative correlation is also apparent between the mother’s overprotection and economic resources and a significant positive correlation between the mother’s overprotection and cues to commitment. In terms of the father-daughter relationship a significant negative correlation is observed between father’s care and the girls concerns about their future partners economic resourcefulness, this is in support of the findings observed within the mother-daughter relationship and suggests that a strong parental relationship (within both mothers and fathers) is related to less economic concerns, possibly because these girls anticipate that they can reply on their immediate family if they get into financial strife. In addition there are significant positive correlations observed between father’s care and the girls desire to have a long term partner who was older than themselves. In terms of the father’s overprotection there are significant negative correlations observed with both the partner’s short term and long term age. The positive correlation observed between parental care and the girls desire to have partners who are considerably older than themselves is difficult to explain. Presumably this reflects positively on the girls respect for their elders. This conclusion is backed up by the fact that there is a negative correlation observed between the father’s overprotection and the girls desire to have partners older than themselves, e.g. the greater the level of father’s overprotection the more likely the girls are to desire younger partners. It should be borne in mind when interpreting the results in tables two and three that these conclusions are based solely on correlative data and thus the direction of causation cannot be determined. The second hypothesis was to assess whether there are differences in mate choices between British and Chinese girls whose father’s were absent during their childhood. In order to assess this, individuals whose father’s were present (defined as above) were excluded from the analysis and differences between British and Chinese girls whose fathers were absent were examined using Mann Whitney. The results support the hypothesis proposed in that there are significant differences. Amongst girls whose fathers were absent during their childhood, there are significant differences between the Chinese and the British girls according to two of the variables assessed. British girls were significantly more concerned about the parental investments that would be made by their partners than Chinese girls. This may be a consequence of differences in culture. For example it is possible that British girls have an increased expectation of male parental investment given that in Britain women are more likely to work full time alongside men and are more career orientated. In addition, Chinese girls were significantly more interested than British girls in having short term partners who were older than themselves, although this difference was not apparent for long term partner preferences. The time of first sexual intercourse is also worthy of note in this context given that the significance levels fall just outside those which are traditionally accepted. Chinese girls were more likely to wait longer than British girls before having sexual intercourse with a partner for the first time again this is likely to reflect cultural differences between China and Britain. The third and final aim was to assess whether there are differences between father absent and father present girls of either Chinese or British origin (see tables six and seven). Within Chinese girls there are significant differences between those whose fathers were present and those whose fathers were absent according to both economic resources and cues to commitment. Chinese girls whose fathers were present were significantly more concerned about economic resourcefulness and were significantly less concerned about cues to commitments, than Chinese girls whose fathers were absent. Within British girls it is revealed that those whose fathers were present were significantly more concerned about cues to commitment then those whose fathers were absent. This stands in direct contrast to that observed within Chinese girls and it is presumed that this is a consequence of cultural differences. It is possible that British girls were more concerned about commitment because of the increased sexual liberation within Britain compared to China, while the Chinese girls were more concerned about economic provision because of sexual suppression in China and the increased difficulty in going out and seek employment themselves. To the best of knowledge there are no other studies which have specifically examined the effects of father absence on mate preferences in either adolescent girls or boys with which to make direct comparison to the results obtained here. This is surprising as there is a bulk of literature examining the effects of father absence on sexual development and some of the most relevant literature is discussed her for comparison. In a sample of 160 college aged girls, Fleck et al (1980) found that there was a significant relationship between father absence, as defined in a psychological rather than a physical respect (e.g fathers may have been living at home but were uninterested in their daughters), and increased frequency of sexual behaviour and anxiety. In a similar study conducted by Ellis et al (2003) the impact of father absence on sexual activity and teenage pregnancy was examined in a large sample of girls from the USA (n = 242) and New Zealand (n = 520). Father absence was strongly statistically associated with early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy. This relationship between father absence and increased sexual activity has been repeatedly confirmed within many other studies within the literature (Hendricks et al, 2005). However, this study found no differences between the time of first sexual encounter between girls whose fathers were present and girls whose fathers were absent. It is possib le that this is a consequence of methodological variation. In this study participants were asked to state when they preferred to engage in sexual behaviour with a new partner and when they would prefer a partner to want to have intercourse with them. Thus as this study asked about preferences and did not assess actual behaviour, this may account for the difference. In terms of the age of parental separation there is evidence that the earlier the separation occurred the earlier sexual intercourse begins. For example, Quinlan (2003) examined the relationship between female reproductive development in a sample of 10,847 women. They found that the timing of parental separation was associated with reproductive development. Parental separation between birth and five years of age predicted early menarche, an earlier age of first sexual intercourse, earlier first pregnancies and also a shorter duration of the first marriage. This study supports these results in some respect given that there was a near significant decrease in the desired time of first sexual intercourse with a new partner amongst those girls whose parents split before they were 13years old. A considerable body of evidence has also observed that there is a significant association between father absence and puberty in both boys and girls (Bogaert, 2005, Maestripieri et al, 2004). The differences between partner preference between girls with absent and present fathers may be related to this increased rate of developmental maturity. Girls who reach puberty faster may be more likely to experiment sexually at a younger age and consequently may prefer men older than themselves. The findings obtained in the current research are also interesting in light of the findings obtained in a sample of 83 girls aged between 11-14years assessed by Maestripieri et al (2004). It was shown that father absence was associated with greater interest in infants as assesses through preferences for photos of human and animal infants. The authors conclude that this shows that father absence is related to an earlier readiness for parenting. In this study participants were asked about the number of children they wanted to have with their partner(s) and these results can be compared to that of Maestripieri et al. In support of Maestripieri et al there was a near significant difference observed between the number of children desired by girls whose fathers were present or absent. Girls whose father’s were absent wanted to have more children (1.95) than girls whose fathers were present (1.81, U = 1696.0, p = .059). There are a number of limitations to the current study. The sample sizes of British and Chinese girls were not equal, that of the Chinese girls being considerably higher. Future research should focus on increasing the sample size of British girls. Examining differences within cultures other than the British and the Chinese, for example, African or Middle Eastern cultures in order to search for further cross cultural differences would also make an interesting extension to this study. In addition it is important to examine the relationship amongst boys in comparison to girls. The evidence suggests that boys with absent fathers are also likely to hit puberty earlier (Bogaert, 2005) then those with present fathers and this suggests that mate preferences would also be affected. In fact it seems reasonable to presume that the effects in males might be greater than that on females due to the loss of the same sex parents. Surprisingly, however, it appears that the literature has tended to focus on the effects in girls more often. It is hoped that subsequent research will aim to rectify this. This raises a related point, regarding the effects of mother absence on girls. As mothers tend to be the primary role model for girls, it is suggested that mother absence may be more likely to have more prominent effects in girls. However, as mother absence is much rarer that father absence, this would be a difficult study to conduct and recruitment would be time consuming. As mentioned earlier this study is also limited as it asks only about the desires and concerns of these girls and does not take into consideration the actual behaviour of the girls. It would be interesting to conduct a follow up study with the same sample in order to compare these desires to actual behaviour as assessed a number of years down the line. Or to conduct the same study in a sample of older women for comparison, for example the characteristics of the husbands of women in their 30’s and 40’s. Another possibly extension to this study would be to examine the possibility that father absence affects aspects of development other than mate preference. For example it might be interesting to assess the possibility that parental absence encourages homosexuality. In the current study the whole sample indicated that they were heterosexual and this illustrates the fact that in order to investigate this further a much larger sample size would be required. Examining the effects of parental absence on relationships aside from those of a romantic nature would also make an interesting extension. For example, father absence may have affect on peer relationships at school and sibling relationships within the family. Further research into the effects of father absence on aspects of personality, such as extraversion, introversion and neuroticism is also warranted given that Hendricks et al (2005) found that father absence had a detrimental affect on self esteem an affect which has been shown to be particularly pronounced in males (Miller, 1984). In a recent study, Huurre, Junkkari and Aro (2006), also found that individuals from families in which the parents divorced before the age of 16 were more likely to suffer from psychological problems, such as depression and were more likely to suffer from problems within their personal relationships. Again this suggests that further research into the affects of parent absence on personality and health is warranted. In conclusion, this study has assessed the effects of father absent and father presence on mate preferences in Chinese and British adolescent girls. It was concluded that there are significant differences in mate preference according to father presence. Girls whose fathers were present were significantly more concerned about the economic suitability of their future partners and were also significantly more concerned about the commitment of their future partners. This study also aimed to examine differences in mate choice according to the strength of the mother-daughter and the father-daughter relationship. Again it was concluded that there are differences apparent according to the strength of the relationship. There were some differences apparent between British and Chinese girls and these are presumed to be a consequence of cultural variation. References. Bogaert, A. F. (2005). Age at puberty and father absence in a national probability sample. Journal of Adolescence. 28(4) pp514-6. Buss, D.M. Barnes, M. (1986) Preferences in human mate selection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, pp.559-570. Ellis, B. J., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Fergusson, D. M., Harwood, J., Pettit, G. S., Woodward, L. (2003). Does father absence place daughters at special risk for early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy? Child Development, 74(3). pp801-821. Fleck, J.R., Fuller, C.C.,

Deforestation: Conservation and Sociological Effects Essay -- Environm

Deforestation: Conservation and Sociological Effects Introduction Top Forests have covered the earth for millions of years, providing habitat and food for animals and humans. These forests have stabilized different ecosystems and have continued the natural cycle that keeps plants and animals in check. The discovery of fire changed all of this. It was the beginning of deforestation, a process that has continued and increased over the last 200,000 years. Humans are the responsible party for the deforestation that has occurred. Humans discovered that animals could be driven with fire. This led to accelerated forest loss due to uncontrolled burning for hunting use (Miller & Tangley 1991: 28). Agriculture was the next problem discovery. Agriculture introduced land clearing of forested areas for crops. Suddenly forests were being destroyed at a faster rate. The 18th and 19th centuries brought about the Industrial Revolution, and soon people were moving from the rural country to the more urbanized cities for job reasons. Forests were cleared for villages that turned into small towns that became cities. As the cities grew more forest was cleared. The solution to space needs was solved by clearing more forest. This was the history of many of the more developed nations (Richard & Tucker 1988: 213). The United States has been irresponsible in the past with handling their forests. The focus was on industry, consumerism and success. There was no room for saving the forests. There are different stories in other countries. Deforestation is also a problem in third world countries, but for different reasons. The first half of the deforestation history is similar, but development didn't go quite like that of Western Europe and the Unite... ...urning, Alan Thein. Saving the Forests: What Will It Take? Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, 1993. Gradwohl, Judith, and Russell Greenberg. Saving the Tropical Forests. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1988. Miller, Kenton, and Laura Tangley. Trees of Life. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1991. Peluso, Nancy Lee. Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistance in Java. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992. Richards, John F., and Richard P. Tucker. World Deforestation in the Twentieth Century. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1988. Schmidt, Ralph, Joyce K. Berry, John C. Gordon. Forests to Fight Poverty. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999. Vandermeer, John H., and Ivette Perfecto. Breakfast of Biodiversity. Oakland, CA: Institute for Food and Development Policy, 1995. Deforestation: Conservation and Sociological Effects Essay -- Environm Deforestation: Conservation and Sociological Effects Introduction Top Forests have covered the earth for millions of years, providing habitat and food for animals and humans. These forests have stabilized different ecosystems and have continued the natural cycle that keeps plants and animals in check. The discovery of fire changed all of this. It was the beginning of deforestation, a process that has continued and increased over the last 200,000 years. Humans are the responsible party for the deforestation that has occurred. Humans discovered that animals could be driven with fire. This led to accelerated forest loss due to uncontrolled burning for hunting use (Miller & Tangley 1991: 28). Agriculture was the next problem discovery. Agriculture introduced land clearing of forested areas for crops. Suddenly forests were being destroyed at a faster rate. The 18th and 19th centuries brought about the Industrial Revolution, and soon people were moving from the rural country to the more urbanized cities for job reasons. Forests were cleared for villages that turned into small towns that became cities. As the cities grew more forest was cleared. The solution to space needs was solved by clearing more forest. This was the history of many of the more developed nations (Richard & Tucker 1988: 213). The United States has been irresponsible in the past with handling their forests. The focus was on industry, consumerism and success. There was no room for saving the forests. There are different stories in other countries. Deforestation is also a problem in third world countries, but for different reasons. The first half of the deforestation history is similar, but development didn't go quite like that of Western Europe and the Unite... ...urning, Alan Thein. Saving the Forests: What Will It Take? Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, 1993. Gradwohl, Judith, and Russell Greenberg. Saving the Tropical Forests. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1988. Miller, Kenton, and Laura Tangley. Trees of Life. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1991. Peluso, Nancy Lee. Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistance in Java. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992. Richards, John F., and Richard P. Tucker. World Deforestation in the Twentieth Century. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1988. Schmidt, Ralph, Joyce K. Berry, John C. Gordon. Forests to Fight Poverty. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999. Vandermeer, John H., and Ivette Perfecto. Breakfast of Biodiversity. Oakland, CA: Institute for Food and Development Policy, 1995.

Family and Community Essay -- Brain Injuries Neurology Medical Essays

Family and Community The family will become experts in services for traumatic brain injuries(TBI); Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and Department of Rehabilitation regulations, while trying to adjust to a family member who has had a TBI. Many times this beloved family member had been hanging on the edge of death for unending hours, days, weeks, or even months. When they come out of the coma, they are not the same as they were. In most cases they are not able to do what they used to do, and their behavior may be dramatically changed. This will cause significant stress in the family structure; statistics show that 90% of families facing TBI are not able to stay together. The community involvement will also change dramatically for these individuals because many in the community will view them as having psychological impairments comparative to schizophrenia; such impairments are widely misunderstood and discriminated against in our communities (Loudon). Research has shown that the quality of life of individuals that live with TBI is significantly lower in many areas, such as marital comfort, close friends, parenting, understanding self, socializing, and work, than their nondisabled counterparts. Individuals experiencing a mild form of TBI seem to become hyperaware of and hyperreactive to the challenge introduced into their lives as a consequence of TBI. This recognition of contrast in quality of life issues before the injuries and after may provide rationale for their experience that the quality of life plummets after injury. This can be compared with other individuals with severe injuries who do not focus on the contrast between their "old" and "new" lives... ... Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury: comparison with other living in the community. Head Trauma Rebabil: 13(4):1-23 California Code of Regulations http://www.calregs.com April 28, 2005 Department of Rehabilitation, April 28, 2005 Retrieved May, 28 2005 http://www.rehab.cahwnet.gov/ TBI survivor D. Hildreth (personal communication April, 28. 2005) Johnson,Glen April 28, 2005 TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY SURVIVAL GUIDE. Retrieved May, 28 2005 www.tbiguide.com Making Headway,Inc. Loudon, Cheryl 1125 3rd St. Eureka, CA 95501(personal communication May, 2 2005 MAXIMUS Ticket to Work Retrieved April, 28 2005 1-866-968- 7842 (TDD 1-866-833-2967) website at www.yourtickettowork.com MAXIMUS Protection and Advocacy Systems - The Nation's Disability Rights Network (PAs/CAPs) May, 2 2005 http://www.yourtickettowork.com/res_advocacy

American History thru 1877

In 1492, Columbus set sail for Asia but found the Americas instead, exploring several islands of the Caribbean Sea. In the following years Columbus made three more voyages, and many other Spaniards explored the Caribbean islands and mainland. During the late Middle Ages, Mongols threatened Europe with pillage and destruction. However, they also unified much of Eurasia, creating trade routes and communication lines stretching from Middle East to China. A series of Europeans took advantage of these to explore eastwards.The trade routes between Europe and Middle East, however, was almost completely controlled by traders from the Italian city states. Upon the collapse of the Mongol Empire, the trade routes to the east soon became far more difficul and dangerous. The Black Death would eventually also block travel and trade. The land route to the East was controlled by Mideterranean commercialists and Islamic empires that both controlled the flow and price of goods. The rise of the expansi onist Ottoman Empire has also further limited the possibilities of European overland trade.The Age of Exploration has begun. During the Rennaisance, scholars rediscovered the works of the ancient Greeks and Roman geographers. Christopher Columbus came to believe that he could reach Asia in the East by sailing West. Instead, he found the New World. With the advances of navigation, military technology and shipbuilding, the Europeans started to explore the world by ocean searching for trading partners, particularly of gold, silver and spices. They sought a viable trade route which would be uncontested by those Mediterranean powers.Similarities and lesser differences among the Southern Colonies The Virginia Company obtained a royal charter enabling each to found a colony, granting the right to coin money, raise revenue, and to make laws, but reserving much power to the king. The object of the lord proprietor, Baltimore, was twofold. He wished to found a state and become its ruler, for h e was truly a man of the world; he loved power and he loved wealth. Second, he wished to furnish a refuge for the oppressed of his own faith; for the Roman Catholics, as well as the Puritans, were objects of persecution in England.He was granted charter to Maryland. He was required by the charter to send the king two Indian arrows each year, as a token of allegiance to the Crown, and if any gold and silver were mined in Maryland, one fifth of it was to be paid to the king. But aside from this the proprietor was invested with almost kingly power. He could not tax his people without their consent, but he could coin money, make war and peace, pardon criminals, establish courts, and grant titles of nobility.The charter, however, provided that the laws be made by the proprietor and the freemen—democracy was beginning to emerge. It was the first colony in which religious toleration had a place. South Carolina differs from most of the colonies in not having had to battle against imp ending dissolution during its first years of existence, and from all the others in depending largely on slave labor from the beginning. Popular assembly began to frame laws on the basis of libery.The charter conferred the right of making laws on the proprietors only by and with the advice, assent, and approbation of the freemen. North Carolina was twin-born with South Carolina and both were not separated politically until 1729 and their histories run parallel for many years. The object in founding the colony in Georgia was threefold: to afford an opportunity to the unfortunate poor to begin life over again, to offer a refuge to persecuted Protestants of Europe, and to erect a military barrier between the Carolinas and Spanish Florida.Georgia was the only colony of the thirteen that received financial aid by a vote of Parliament — the only one in the planting of which the British government, as such, took a part. The colony differed from all others also in prohibiting slavery and the importation of intoxicating liquors. The settlers were to have their land free of rent for ten years, but they could take no part in the government. The trustees made all the laws; but this arrangement was not intended to be permanent; at the close of the proprietary period the colony was to pass to the control of the Crown. Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, Virginia, located at Jamestown Island on the banks of James River, both of which were named after King James I of England, 60 miles from the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, was founded on May 14, 1607 by the Virginia Company—a group of London Entrepreneurs to whom were granted a charter to establish an English settlement in the Chespeake region of North America, and were instructed to find gold and water route to the Orient. The location was selected primarily because it offered a favorable strategic defensive position against other European forces which might approach by water.However, the colonists soon discovered that the swampy and isolated site was plagued by mosquitoes and tidal river water unsuitable for drinking, anf offered limited opportunities for hunting and little space for farming. The area was also inhabited by native Americans, the Algonqiuan from whom the colonists found themselves under attacked. It appears that eventual structured leadership of Captain John Smith kept the colony from dissolving. By 1609, during the departure of Captain John Smith, only 60 of the original 214 settlers survived, and by June of that year, the settlers decided to bury the cannon and armor and abandon the town.The arrival of the new governor general, Lord De La Ware, and his supply ships brought the colonist back to the fort. Although the suffering did not totally end for decades, some years of peace and prosperity followed the wedding of the daughter of the Algonquian chief, Pocahontas, to English entrepreneur John Rolfe. Jamestown became the first successful English settlement in what was to become the United States of America The Iroquois The Iroquois Confederacy, or simply Iroquois, also known as The League of Pecae and Power, is a group of Native Americans allied together in peace.They were originally composed of five nations: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the Seneca. They were later joined by the Tuscarora. They were collectively known as the Haudenosaunee, or People of the Longhouse, because of the types of houses they lived in. They became he strongest forces in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, having been involved in the Beaver Wars and the French and Indian Wars against the French, and having participated during the American Revolution. The PilgrimsThe Pilgrims, or The Pilgrim Fathers, is the name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony. They were members of the Puritans, who were oppressed during the Protestant Reformation in Europe and began to seek a better freedom in the New World. They came to the America in mid November of 1620 aboard Mayflower and drafted the Mayflower Compact, which ensured rights for all the settlers and promised cooperation among settlers for the general good of the Colony. However, like the settlers in Jamestown, were bothered by attacks from the native Americans and suffered during the first winter.They got help from friendlier natives who taught them their skills like woodcraft, hunting, how to make maple sugar, moccasins, canoes, and how to raise crops of maiz and tobacco, all of which helped them to survive. In the autumn of 1621, they produced their first successful harvest and celebrated the first Thanksgiving. Plymouth is said to be the second successful English settlement in North America. Issues and Conflicts In Colonial Politics Most of the original English colonies in North America were private ventures that were less supervised by the English government.The institutions by the colonies' sponsors varied enormously with each other. Most governors in colonia l territories were appointed by the Crown and were responsible for enforcing British trade laws and carrying out other directives, executing colonial laws, administeing justice, and appointing most officers. They were also responsible for provincial defense and diplomatic relations with the native Americans and other colonies. Colonists expected remarkably little from the British government.Budget were low; paid full-time officials were few; civil, judicial, and police establishments were small, part-time and unprofessional; and military establishments were temporary. Politics provided little scope for the active involvement of the citizens. Leadership and institutional structures were weak and undefined, levels of political expertise and socialization low, and political conciousness undeveloped. Under such conditions, public life was volatile, and would-be leaders jockeyed with one another for power, wealth, and prestige.In a few places for brief periods, this primitive politics of competition resulted in the triumph of restrictive oligarchies. The gradual conversion of these colonies into royal provinces helped to develop into roughly similar political systems between colonies, for most of the pattern were derived from English political institutions. However politics developed, public life became more settled. Levels of political socialization and consciousness rose, and institutional and leadership structures became more sharply articulated.A more modern type of polity began to emerge around 1750 with the development of semi-permanent political parties. Factors that moved America towards Independence There were many factors that led Americans fight for their independence against Britain. There were growing grievances against the British authorities among the colonies, from which only one of the original thirteen colonies were formally founded by Britain, others were haphazardly founded by trading companies, religious groups or land speculators.Republican se ntiments were also growing, which, by its very nature, was opposed to heirarchical and authoritarian institutions like monarchy and aristocracy, from which Britain forms it government. Radical Whigs ideas were also widely read by the citizens of the colonies. The radical Whigs feared the threat to liberty posed by the arbitrary power of the monarch and representatives in Parliament and warned the citizens to be on guard against corruption and to be vigilant against possible conspiracies to strip them of their liberties.The colonies were also used to participating in politics, Britain, however has left them alone for many years, denied them representation to the Parliament, while the citizens must obey British laws. Grievances were raised when the British government imposed taxes on their colonies, which eventually led to the Declaratory Act, from which Britain asserted its absolute authority over its colonies. The colonies, however, wanted a share of sovereignty. In 1774, colonists called for the Continental Congress to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances.The Declaration of Rights was drawn, protesting Britain's colonial policies, and sent to the king of Britain. The Congress also called for the creation of The Continental Association. The Association, however, did not call for independence, only to repeal offensive legilation by Britain to its colonies. The Parliament rejection of the Congress' petitions prompted the Association to convene for a second Continental Congress in May 1775, which has eventually adopted the US Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation.The American Revolutionary War had officially begun upon the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The Seven Years War The Seven Years War involved all the major European powers and is a struggle against the French control of North America. It started in May 1756 with the official declaration of war by England against France and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 1763. The treaty ended France's position as major colonial power in the Americas and its position as leading power in Europe.England's success, however, was costly and the Parliament's attempt to cover for its debts and to pay for continuing military presence in America by direct taxation of the colonists soon strained relations between mother country and colonies. The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism The British authoriies embraced a theory called mercantilism, that justified the control over the colonies. Mercantilism states that wealth was power and that a country's economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold and silver in its treasury, and that the colonies exists for the benefit of the mother country.The british expected the American colonies to furnish products needed by Britain, and to export and but foods exclusively from Britain. The British crown also reserved rights to nullify any legislation passed by the colonial assemblies if such laws worked against the mercantalist system. The merits of mercantilism includes that Britain paid a lot of money to colonial producers, tobacco planters also enjoyed a monopoly in the British market, and that the colonies also benefitted from the protection of the world's mightiest navy and strong, seasoned army of redcoats without paying any tax.Mercantilism, however, stifled economic initiative since colonies could not buy and sell products they wanted to other countries, and Americans found it debasing—they felt used and kept in a state of economic adolescence, never allowed to come of age. Stamp Tax Uproar The Stamp Act of 1765 was passed in the Birtish parliament with the primary purpose to raise revenues to support military force due to the added defense requirements resulting from vast new territories acquired during the war and conflict with American Indians. The act required all legal documents, permits, contracts, newpapers, wills, pamphlets, etc., in the colonies to carry a t ax stamp. It was opposed by Americans stating that the Act would hurt their liberty—that them being taxed without being granted Representation where the taxes are laid, then they are reduced from the character of free subjects to the miserable state of tributary slaves—and that they thought the British army is no longer needed. Any offenders had to be tied in Admiralty Courts and the burden of proof is upon the defendants, which meant that defendants were assumed guilty unless they could prove themselves innocent.Common Sense and the Declarataion of Independence The opening paragraph of the United States Declaration of Independence states that: â€Å"when in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.† Signatories of Declaration have agreed that â€Å"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness† and that â€Å"whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.† These claims of the Declaration were supported by Thomas Paine's Common sense, in which he states that the end of government is freedom and security; that government is necessary to enforce regulations or laws that were created to mitigate the problems of society, which were â€Å"produced by our wants† and â€Å"promotes our happiness positive ly by uniting our affections. † The Declaration claims that the King of Britain has refused his â€Å"Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for public good† Hamilton's Federalist and Jefferson's Republican The Federalist Party wanted a fiscally sound and strong nationalistic government.Hamilton proposed that state governors would be appointed by the President; the President and Senators would hold office for life; and the Congress would retain exclusive authority to make all the laws of the country. His principles were based on the notion of â€Å"public good† and the superiority of a government which derived its power from the consent of the governed, and believed that only a talented few—understood to mean men drawn from the wealthy and aristocratic strata of society—had the wisdom and dispassionate foresight to implement the measures necessary for the public good.He believed that the great majority of people operated primarily out of s elf-interest and could not be trusted to think or act judiciously in matters of state power. Hence, a proposal such as seating the President for life, so that he would not be subject to the whims of a fickle electorate. He emphasized on an â€Å"energetic government,† which means that government should be proactive in economic and military affairs, have the power the supersede lower governments—as at the state level—and be able to exercise authority directly on the people.He points that only an energetic government would be able to provide the stability and order necessary to secure the blessings of liberty for the people. The Republicans, however, rejected the ideas of Hamilton. They feared that Federalism favored the interests of wealthy patricians over the great number of agrarian laborers, and would set the stage for a return to monarchy. Jefferson argued that the powers of the government should be exercised by by each representatives chosen for such short t erms as should render secure the duty of expressing the will of their constituents.He believed that the mass of the citizens is th safest depository of their own rights, for the evils flowing from the duperies of the people are less injurious than those from the egoism of their agents. He advocated that every people may establish what form of government they please and change it as they please, implying that the same is true with its leaders—the will of the nation is the only thing essential. Uneasy Missouri Compromise In 1818, the Missouri territory applied for statehood and wanted to allow slavery in their state.Abolitionist sentiment was growing in the north, and there were, at the time, eleven free states and eleven slave states. If Missouri becomes a slave state, the tie would be broken and those who favor slavery would be a step closer to legalizing slavery, and the Northern members refused Missouri's admittance as a slave state because of this. However in 1819, Maine a pplied for statehood as a free state, which was, of course, threatened by the Southern members of the Congress to prevent its admittance.The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between pro and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, allowing Missouri to enter as a slave stae and Maine as a free state, and to avoid conflicts in the future, added that all future states north of Missouri's southern border be free states and the future south states be slave states. The compromise remained in effect until 1854, when the US Congress passed the Kansa-Nebraska Act. Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, or, shortly, Articles of Confederation, was the first governing constitution of the United stated of America. The thirteen states were independent until the articles' ratification was completed in 1781, whence the legal existence of the United States of America as a union with a confederation government yet retained sovereignt y and every function of sovereignty not specifically deputed to the government of the federation.Although the articles were started to be written in 1777 during the early part of the American Revolution, several years has passed before its ratification because of the states' fear of a powerful central government, the Continental Congress had been careful to give the states as much independence as possible and to specify the limited functions of the federal government. The Articles were enforced from March 1, 1781 to June 21, 1788, when the present Constitution of the United States went into effect. Second War of American IndependenceOn June 18, 1812, President James Madison signed the US Congress' official declaration of war against the United Kingdom to protect American ships bound to France from being stopped, searched and being asked to pay a fee on British ports before continuing. The war was called the â€Å"second war of independence† because it gave an opportunity for the Americans to defend their freedom and honor in the face of British disrespect. The war lasted until 1815, although a treaty was already signed on December of the previous year.One of the battles, the Battle of Fort McHenry, inspired Francis Scott Key to write a poem that eventually supply the lyrics for the â€Å"Star-Spangled Banner. † Secession of Southern Colonies The co-existence of slave-owning South with an increasing anti-slavery Nroth made conflict inevitable. In 1858, Lincoln expressed his desire to â€Å"arrest the further spread of [slavery], and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction. † Abolitionists emphasized on the Declaration of Independence's clause that all men are equal.Southern states depended on slavery to support their economy. The Union was considered a â€Å"voluntary compact† entered into by independent sovereign states for as long as it served their purpose. The north needed a central government to build an infrastructure of roads and railways, protect its complex trading and financial interests, and control the national currency. The South, however, depended much less on the federal government than did other regions and felt no need to strengthen it.Thy feared that a strong central government might interfere with slavery. Compromises were possible as long as niether side controlled the Senate. However, vast territories in the West and Southwest would soon be petitioning for statehood. North and South began a long and bitter struggle over whether the territories would enter the Union as free or slave states. The election of Lincoln, who was a dedicated Abolitionist, was the final trigger for the secession of the Southern States since they feared that the administration would threaten slavery.Compromises were offered before the civil wars but failed to prevent it because of the flaws in the compromise. The Corwin Amendment, for example, would forb id to any attempt to subsequently amend the Constitution to empower the Federal government to abolish or interfere with the domestic institutions of the states, including persons â€Å"held to labor or service,† were objected by Abolitionists who claims that the Constitution, at that time, did not protect slavery.The Crittenden Compromise offered the permanent reestablishment of the Missouri Compromise line but would also guarantee the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states which was, of course, rejected heavily by Abolitionists. Advantages of the Southern and Northern States during the Civil War The Southern states sought independence and would only have to defend itself against the Northern states who wanted to restore the Union, which meant it had to compel the seceded states to give up their hopes to found a new nation.The Southern states would only then need to prolong the war to a point where the Northern States would consider the efforts too costly in lives and money to persist. If the North chose not to mount a military effort to coerce the seceded states back into the Union, the Southern states, who were known to become the Confederacy, would win independence by default. The Northern states, however, planned to apply pressure on the confederacy from all sides. A combined force of naval and army units would sweep down the Mississippi River, dividing the Confederacy’s eastern and western states.At the same time, the Union navy would also institute a blockade to deny the Confederacy access to European manufactured goods. Manifest Destiny The Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. It holds that territorial expansion is not only inevitable but divinely ordained. Manifest Destiny eventually became a standard historical term for the expansion of the United States accross North American Continent. The Great Debate: Lincoln versus DouglasThe Lincol n-Douglas debates were a series of seven formal meetings during the Illinois senatorial campaign of 1858, in which Republican Abraham Lincoln argued the issue of slavery with the Democratic incumbent, Stephen A. Douglas. Douglas' Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise ban on slavery and replaced it with the doctrine of popular sovereignty, which meant that the people of a territory coud decide for themselves whether to allow slavery. Lincoln criticized that popular sovereignty would nationalize and perpetuate slavery.Newspapers across the nation reprinted the full text of the debates, and after the election Licoln edited all the text and had them published in a book. The widespread of the original debates and the subsequent popularity of the book led eventually to Lincoln's nomination for the President of the United States by the 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago. The Dred Scott Bombshell Dred Scott was a slave whose master took him north into free states where he lived for many years.After his master's death, he sued for his freedom from his his new master, claiming that he had been in a free territory and was therefore free. Th Missouri Supreme Court agreed and Scott temporarily gained his freedom, but his new master appealed to the US Supreme Court. On March 6, 1857, the Dred Scott decision was handed down by the Supreme Court, declaring African Americans were not US citizens and therefore could not bring suit in federal court under diversity of citizenship rules, thus overruling the Missouri Court decision.However, the real bombshell statement was that a legislature, including the Congress, cannot outlaw slavery as that would go against the 5th Amendment, stating that a person's property cannot be taken without due process of law. This statement would have been sufficient to declare that the Missouri Compromise had been unconstitutional. The decision would also eventually give rise to the American Civil Warin 1861.

Omnivores Delimma Essay

In America, we do not decide what is healthy and what is not by the authenticity of natural food, but rather nutrition facts. If we are in a store and see a label that says â€Å"only 100 calories† we are drawn to that item instead of an item labeled â€Å"organic† or â€Å"all-natural†. This is because as a society, we are always on a â€Å"fad diet† and believe that health has to do with calorie counting and sugar intake as opposed to the actual production of the food itself. In Michael Pollan’s book The Omnivore’s Dilemma, argues that this is not the case. Pollan goes into an in-depth investigation to show that the organic food chain is the healthiest and most realistic of the â€Å"three principal food chains that sustain us today: the industrial, the organic, and the hunter-gatherer† (7), He describes the â€Å"omnivores dilemma† as the constant problem that people with vast amounts of food must face everyday. The question Pollan continuously raises is the idea that because we have the ability to eat almost everything, we struggle with being able to decide what the best choice is. Therefore we must always ask ourselves the question â€Å"what should we eat†? Throughout his extraordinary exploratory first hand research, Pollan shows that we would be healthier and happier if we truly knew where our food was coming from and how it was produced. Pollan promotes a food chain where the food can be directly traced back to its origins, as opposed to industrialized food. Therefore, it can be conceived that the best way to achieve this idea is to follow the organic food chain. The organic food chain is best for expressing Pollan’s idea that if we know where our food originates, we will be find greater satisfaction in our meals. The organic food chain is one that provides the most natural benefits to humans. A prime example of this can be seen on grass-farms because; grass is â€Å"the foundation of the intricate food chain† (126). Pollan points out that grass is typically overlooked as a material of consumption, however grass is one of the solid beginnings of the big organic food chain. There are two main human-grass phases. The first is mediated by animals because they are able to digest the grass and therefore produce meat for us to eat. In this process humans â€Å"deliberately promoted the welfare of the  grasses in order to attract and fatten the animals they depended on†. The second phase of the human-grass relationship, is known as the â€Å"invention of agriculture† (129). In this phase grass progressed to produce â€Å"dense seeds that could nourish humans directly†(129). Through this progression, this specific grass eliminated the necessity for animals to mediate the relationship between grass and people. This simple process is â€Å"beyond organic† and without the use of any kind of machinery. Therefore, allowing us to see where our food originated, which goes hand in hand with Pollan’s theory that if we see where our food comes from we are healthier and happier because we know exactly what we are putting into our bodi es. When it comes to big organic food, Pollan starts his investigation at Whole Foods. It is here that he brings up the idea that we like organic food because we believe that it is wholesome. Big organic food is food that is truly all natural and â€Å"beyond organic†, with no machinery or unnatural influences. The success of organic markets play into Pollan’s idea that we enjoy food more when we know where it comes from. The organic food chain is the most realistic option out of the three proposed food chains (industrialized, organic, and hunter-gatherers) that best promotes Pollen’s philosophy of the human relation to nature. Industrialized food chains are the furthest food chains from the lifestyle Pollan is trying to encourage. Both the conventional industrialized food supply and the industrial organic supply imply through labeling and advertising that their products are natural, when in fact that is not the case. When the word â€Å"organic† is labeled on anything we assume that it is all-natural which fulfils our â€Å"deepest, oldest longings†¦ for a connection to the earth† (137). We as a society tend to simply believe and assume the clever marketing â€Å"organic† companies use, however this is â€Å"an imperfect substitute for direct observation of how food is produced† (137). When Pollan investigated the industrialized food chain, he learned that corn is found in everything from food to batteries; essentially everything we eat is from a form of corn. Corn is a cheap crop, cheaper than grass, therefore ideal for an industrial production process. Because corn is so cheap there  is constantly an excess amount that needs to be disposed of, because of this problem surplus amounts of corn are used to feed cows. The problem with is that a â€Å"cow is by nature not a corn eater† (64); this is the first sign that this process is unnatural. Due to the unnatural meals the cows are forced to consume, there are many problems that come in return. One major problem is bloating due to the cow’s diet that â€Å"contains too much starch and too little roughage† (77), this small dietary substitute can often times lead to the animals suffocation. However, if the cow does not suffocate from their unsuitable diet, they still must be injected with antibiotics to ensure their health. This also fails to cohere to the idea of healthy food, additionally, the animal’s â€Å"drugs are plainly being used to treat sick animals, yet the animals probably wouldn’t be sick if not for the diet of the grain we feed them† (79). Once the animal is killed for the industrialized food supply, â€Å"what doesn’t pass through the gut of a food animal to become meat will pass through one of America’s twenty-five wet-mills† (86). These wet-mills are what makes processed food that are used for supplements, especially by big name brands such as McDonald’s. This food chain by far is the most unnatural of them all. However, it is we, the modern Americans, which keep this food chain successful. We are a perfect example for the phrase â€Å"ignorance is bliss†. We do not think that we are drinking corn when we have a soda, and we automatically assume the meat in our fast-food burgers is natural, healthy meat, when this could not be further from the truth. Pollan goes as far as to call this food â€Å"schematic† (119), he states that once we are finished with our industrialized meal we are not satisfied, but â€Å"simply, regrettably, full† (119). By leaving us unsatisfied, the industrialized food supply supports Pollan’s beliefs that knowing where our food comes from satisfies us and makes us happier eaters. In addition to the industrialized food chain, Pollan also finds wrong doings in the industrial organic food supply. The term â€Å"organic† is meant to refer to food that is made from nature, not machinery. The industrial organic process supply utilizes machinery, though in an environmentally sound way,  to produce their food. In an industrial organic process, a machine is used to transform â€Å"inputs of seed and fossil energy into outputs of carbohydrate and protein†(130). Industrial Organic is a paradox, because the word organic is meant to refer to food that is completely natural with no intercourse with machines, however in the Industrial Organic process, machines are employed. This process is still a process of manufacturing, and does not have the correct use of Pollan’s idea of human’s relation to nature because they take us farther from natural food, and the knowledge of where our food comes from. In The Omnivore’s Dilemma I found Pollan’s idea of how to engage with the natural world compelling, however I also it unrealistic. Though I do believe that it would be in all parts of the environment (including humans) best interest to establish a completely natural food chain, I also think that in this day and age, that would be impossible. Our modern day society is not necessarily focused on what is the best thing for us, but what is easiest. Even though processed foods from McDonland’s are unnatural and bad for our bodies, the food has a decent taste, is affordable, and is fast. Many modern American’s are not thinking about the future or where their food originated from because they have so many other things on their mind, and if they are knowledgeable about where their food came from, many of them simply do not care. As long as it is filling and tasty, it gets the job done. In the last page of the introduction to this book Pollan says â€Å"many people today seem perfectly content eating at the end of an industrial food chain, without a thought in the world; this book is probably not for them†(11). This sentence further proves my idea that people just do not care enough to change their way of living. Pollan is exactly right when he says â€Å"this book is not for them† because a decent amount of people do not want to know where their food comes, they do not want to spoil their appetite, and there lies the problem. In modern America, citizens are perfectly content with how things are now, and they have no reason to put in extra effort, time, and money, to fix something that they do not believe needs fixing.