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Marxs Deployment Of The Term Abstraction - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2092 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Philosophy Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The term abstraction manifoldly pervades Marxs writing. The heterogeneity of its meaning is related to the fact that Marx understands production within a system of capitalism to be a totalizing process which presides over the finiteness of the individual mind and therefore determinations, particulars and forms must be understood as relations in an ongoing process and they can only be considered in isolation as abstractions. Nevertheless, these abstractions are real insofar as they constitute the spaces, actions and behaviours of concrete social reality for individuals whether they are experienced as such or not. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Marxs Deployment Of The Term Abstraction" essay for you Create order Using Roberto Finellis response to Chris Arthurs work on abstraction, this essay will focus on a particularity drawn out by Marx in the Grundrisse related to the engagement of exchange and from this, will elaborate on Marxs deployment of the term abstraction in his critique of political economy. In The Chapter on Capital, Marx considers the nature of the putative social relations into which individuals must enter in order to engage in exchange. Before particularizing the moment of exchange, Marx tactfully draws our attention to the perceptual limitations induced by the totality of capitalist production, where the subject holds that a social relation, a definite relation between individualsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦appearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦as a purely physical, external thing which can be found, as such, in nature and which is indistinguishable in form from its natural existence. (Marx, 1993, p.240) Marx rejoins this faulty apprehension with the simple fact that Nature does not produce money, an y more than it produces a rate of exchange or a banker. (Marx, 1993, p. 240) In this discreet move through which the concrete given of social reality is revealed to be the hidden operations of capital, Marx offers an early indication of his method for interrogating abstraction as a way of life. Looking at the form in which the moment of exchange realizes itself, Marx distinguishes an equality brought to bear on the individuals involved in exchange. The expression of exchange value in commodities through the labour time spent in their production means that the moment of exchange, no matter the use values being compared, rearticulates that equivalence and in so doing transforms the individuals involved in the exchange into equivalent exchangers. Both the exchangers and the commodities they exchange, are by the logic of exchange value, equal; The subjects in exchange exist for one another only through these equivalents, as of equal worth, and prove themselves to be such through the exchange of the objectivity in which the one exist for the other. (Marx, 1993, p.242) The content outwith the act of exchange, the natural differences between the exchangers (needs, production, wealth etc.), does not alter the state of equality enshrined in the act of exchange. Rather, it is the natural differences of exchangers outside the act that are the very precondition of the equality expressed in the exchange. The social relation within which individual exchangers find themselves in the act of exchange is one predicated on the fact that each individual needs something from the other and has produced something the other needs in return, whether it is commodities, labour or money makes no difference in this case. The condition where individuals reciprocally produce the objects that service the needs of others and meet as such, determines the equivalence that anchors the act of exchange. Through the act of exchange, individuals acknowledge and realize in each others mutual compu lsions the general self-seeking interest of human beings. Yet, when thoroughly considered it is forgotten that in the act of exchange, the presupposition of exchange valueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in itself implies compulsion over the individual, since his immediate product is not a product for him, but only becomes such in the social process, and since it must take on this general but nevertheless external form; and that the individual has an existence only as producer of exchange value, hence that the whole negation of his natural existence is already implied; that he is therefore entirely determined by society. (Marx, 1993, p.249) What at first appears as a natural and concrete moment in social reality is in fact riven by historical process. The formal determinations expressed in the act of exchange produce equality insofar as they coerce the individual into furnishing the needs of society in general in the form of exchange value through abstract labour. Roberto Finelli draws attentio n to this role of formal determinations as much as it concerns a form as something that is invisible, something not directly perceptible, unlike material determination.' (Finelli, 2007, p.4) In Marxs conceptualisation of totality, Finelli sees the abstraction-emptying out (Finelli, p.6) of the concrete. Finellis view holds that the surface of concrete reality, including as we saw the example of the act of exchange, is propped up by a repression of abstract processes ongoing in the totality of production. Abstraction, says Finelli, is a colonisation which is dissimulated and negated through an hysterical over-determination of the surface which, coloured and embellished, always has to display the contrary of that which it is. (Finelli, p.66) With the concentration and centralisation of abstractions as a way of life, historically configured processes that reproduce social relations are naturalised and become perceived as concrete. The mediations comprising the disjunctive moments in so cial reality are made invisible by the cult of exteriority where objects don a superficial appearance in order to strike and seduce that ideological and deceitful organ par excellence which is our eye (Finelli, p.69), making the abstract symptoms of capital domination appear coherent and real. The predominance of exteriority over material essence is the result of appearance submitting to the expansive-reproductive logic (Finelli, p.66) of the totality of capital, which perpetually resumes its own basis in social reality. The concrete, which is now discovered to be the congelation of real processes abstracted from the totality of capital production, is hallowed, formed and determined to supply the relational totality of capital its iterative force; as Marx says, Within the value relation and the expression of value contained in it the abstract universal is not a property of the concrete, the sensuous-actual; on the contrary, the sensuous-actual is a mere hypostasis or determinate form of realization of the abstract universal. (Marx, 1992, p. 32) The final chapter, therefore, in the domination of abstraction over social life occurs when individuals become psychologically inducted into the realm of superficiality, when the mind receives as and responds as if to concretise that which is abstract, And there, through the abstract activity of many, the concrete is produced. (Finelli, p.70) Returning to our consideration of the act of exchange, the freedom promised there, as we saw earlier, proved in fact to be the contrary: inequality and unfreedom (Marx, 1993, p.249) The perceived freedom in the act of exchange is the historically produced naturalisation of exchange value behind which is hidden the social force of abstract labour. The social compulsion to embody the so-called freedoms in the act of exchange reinforces the grip of abstract labour over the exchanger, as the satisfaction granted by the former exchange realizes and legitimates abstract labour thro ugh exchange value, persuading the exchanger to see as free and beneficial a process that is ultimately coercive. To this, Finelli adds: In the society of capital, abstraction assumes the explicit contours of matter of factà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it becomes a practically true abstractionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The universal is real only when it is the fruit not of logical intellect or even of theoretical ideation but of collective historical praxis. (Toscano, 2008, p. 276) The universal realization of abstract processes as concrete objective reality occurs when the perceptual field is conditioned to the dissimulation of abstraction through social and historical mediation. This occurs when individuals internalize real abstractions and behave and act as such and when society binds its members to the capital-subject through their mutual adherence to the lure of the exchange value viz real abstraction, thereby manufacturing a radical reciprocal dependency. Lucio Colletti notes in his introduction to M arxs early writing that The result [of the domination of real abstractions] is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" given that labour in general is, in Marxs words, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the everlasting Nature-imposed condition of human existence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" that the light of eternity comes to be cast upon the particular historical figure of the wage-labourer. (Marx, 1992, p.28) The concealment of forced abstract labour behind the ostensible form taken up by the act of exchange structures the needs and wants brought to bear on the act by the labourer/exchanger. The obligation attached to the act of exchange forcing the exchanger to labour in order to furnish the general abstract wants of society, produces his social reality in such a way that his desires become caught up with the reproductive logic of capital. His needs become malformed by the guiding principle of reproducing his labour power and the basis of his own subjection. The increasing separation of the labourer from his own concrete basis in reality which is an expression of the complete domination of dead matter over men (Marx, 1992, p. 319) results in the pursuit and production of alien objects and, symptomatically, the loss of and bondage to the object (Marx, 1992, p.324) The more real-abstractions operate as the governing logic over social life, the more powerful the alien, objective world becomes which he brings into being over against himself. (Marx, 1992, p.324) Thus, the obligation of entering into estranged labour, concealed behind the form taken up by exchange (with its promise of mutual satiation) forces the individual to naturalize an alien reality without being aware of its taking place; What the product of his labour is, he is not. (Marx, 1992, p.324) The labourers alienation resides in his being compelled to embody an ontology that goes contrary to his own nature, or breaks his dialogue with nature, by deceptive abstractions reified as concrete reality. The worker must continue to produce even when he is liberated from immediate physical need to service the needs of general society and thus continues to produce his own inorganic objective reality until he regardsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.his objectified labour, as an alien, hostile and powerful object which is independent of him [and] then his relationship to that object is such that another man à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" alien and hostile, powerful and independent of him à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" is its master. (Marx, 1992, p.331) The alienation generated by abstract labour is one which pervades mans relationship with nature and others to the extent that a class formation emerges, grouping individuals whose estranged relationship with objective reality is made equivalent under the control of the capitalist. However, Finelli prudently reminds us that the class, the proletariat, communism have been values and locations, ideal and real, conceived on the basis of the principle of abstract equality alone, or of an equality not vivified and made concrete by differences. It therefore ended up reflecting, in itself, precisely that same abstraction which it wanted to combat and eliminate. (Finelli, p.72) The ideal function of the proletariat, antagonistic as they are to the reproductive alienation generated by the abstract labour process and the real abstractions structuring social life through exchange value, is built upon the same abstract equality that stabilizes the act of exchange in capitalist circulation. With this threat in mind, Finelli resolves that real change can only emerge when a new anthropology is conceived that knows how to articulate difference together with equality, the right of everyone to see their own strictly unrepeatable singularity recognised, respected and developed. (Finelli, p.73) Abstraction continues to be a real reckoning force in modern life, particularly with the acceleration of global flows in our era of multinational capitalism. New forms of dissimulated abstractions synthetically generate the surface of concrete objective reality and condition the perceptual field to validate their hypostatization. Information technology is one obvious example of this process at work on contemporary lives. Comprehensively tracing the evolution of Marxs writing on the subject of abstraction and the explications and extensions offered by Finelli will, however, give us an opportunity to reveal the real abstractions at work in our lives and salvage the real concrete from complete vacancy. Bibliography Finelli, Roberto. 2007. Abstraction versus Contradiction: Observations on Chris Arthurs The New Dialectic and Marxs Capital, in Historical Materialism 15, 61-74 Marx, Karl. 1992. Early Writings. London: Penguin Books Marx, Karl. 1993. Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy. London: Penguin Books Ollman, Bertell. 2003. Dance of the Dialectic: Steps in Marxs Method. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Postone, Moishe, and Brennan, Timothy. 2009. Labor and the Logic of Abstraction: An Interview, in South Atlantic Quarterly 108(2), 305-330 Toscano, Alberto. 2008. The Open Secret of Real Abstraction, Rethinking Marxism, in A Journal of Economics, Culture Society 20(2), 273-287 Sayer, Derek. 1987. The Violence of Abstraction: The Analytic Foundations of Historical Materialism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell

Essay on National Defense A Political Perspective

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The Changes that Came About after the American Revolution

After the American Revolution, Americans, who were free of British control, started to reevaluate politics, the economy and society. The American Revolution changed American considerably politically because Americans rely on democracy rather than monarchy, socially because the roles of certain social groups experienced a nuance change, and economically because the Americans freed themselves from having to send their raw materials to England and created their own currency. With these changes also revolved some aspects that this soon to be strong country still has today. When first breaking away from Britain, Americans wanted their government to not resemble Britain’s at all. To do this, the 13 colonies wrote the articles of confederation to form a completely different type of government. However, the government under the Articles had virtually no power because it couldn’t raise money through taxes. Due to this they knew that they had to call in for a more centralized gov ernment. 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Juan Sánchez Cotán Example For Students

Juan Sà ¡nchez Cotà ¡n Biography A gravely religious man who possessed a specific sensitivity for a clandestine spirituality; the preceding description brightly describes one of the most outstanding Spanish artist – Juan Sà ¡nchez Cotà ¡n (1561- 1627). Born in Orgaz, Spain he managed to become the discoverer of Baroque realism in this country. This made him not only popular in the entire world but a significant influencer in the sphere of art. The biography of Juan Sà ¡nchez Cotà ¡n is embraced by mysticism as well as visual harmony since the highbrow life in Toledo was under the influence of Catholic mysticism. At that time Juan Sà ¡nchez Cotà ¡n was the student who eagerly wanted to get knowledge from the prominent still-life (bodegones) painter Blas del Prado. His subsequent paintings were dramatically influenced by the arrangement pattern which was supposed to reveal some hidden universal truth. In 1603 Juan Sà ¡nchez Cotà ¡n entered a monastery in Segovia in order to serve as a Carthusian lay brother. This action changed the artist’s priorities together with the dimension of the world’s perception. The history of his life put a footprint on his artworks which tend to reflect some religious motifs. The history of Juan Sà ¡nchez Cotà ¡n’s life is connected with several spots, and the last for him to live and create was Granada. It was the place where he was transferred in 1612, and he went the way of all flesh there. Outline1 Arts Made by Juan Sà ¡nchez Cotà ¡n1.1 Still Life with Game Fowl, Vegetables and Fruits1.2 Quince, Cabbage, and Cucumber2 Key Ideas in Paintings Arts Made by Juan Sà ¡nchez Cotà ¡n Juan Sà ¡nchez Cotà ¡n is the painter with a delicate taste. Therefore, he is the contributor of El Escorial Art School. His works cannot be evaluated as just of the primitive tenderness and appeasable rhythm since his art history reports on his still-life manner. His drawings style is determined as one of rigorous naturalism. However, he somewhat practiced geometric meditations which are appointed to the Archimedes’ hyperbola. Still Life with Game Fowl, Vegetables and Fruits As far as still-life manner of Juan Sà ¡nchez Cotà ¡n is concerned, his art manifests the depiction of simple fruit and vegetables depicted from a variety of positions. His work ‘Still Life with Game Fowl, Vegetables and Fruits’ referring to 1602 is the example of form depiction in the mathematic clarity towards the black background. The realism of the offered artwork is so deep that it leaves to mind twist unturned while perceiving. Quince, Cabbage, and Cucumber Another artwork of Juan Sà ¡nchez Cotà ¡n of 1602 is ‘Quince, Cabbage, and Cucumber.’ The last figure is symbolic since the cucumber is pushed over and visualizes movement which reflects shadow. All elements are highly geometric which reveals Archimedes’ hyperbola of meditation. Key Ideas in Paintings The native country inclined Juan Sà ¡nchez Cotà ¡n to create the images of Spanish explorations. The painter tends to depict still life in a variety of forms which are highly detailed and geometric. Some of his artworks have to be analyzed from the astronomic point of view since they represent a range of celestial bodies and the night sky. Juan Sà ¡nchez Cotà ¡n was a devoted painter not limited by imagination. Hes willing to revive Spanish influence was so strong that he spoke to the onlooker through a paradigm of mystery and endless discoveries.

Psychology Commitment Absenteeism Turnover â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Psychology Commitment Absenteeism Turnover? Answer: Introducation The essay provides a brief overview of attitude and behavior of different people and it also explains that how the behavior of a person is influenced by the other people existing in their surroundings. Additionally, the essay tells about the significance of attitude of a persona along with the organization. The behavior of the people which they assert in the professional environment is influenced by their attitudes. Supposing if a person has a negative outlook toward other coworkers existing in the workplace, then it will affect the attitude of that particular person; their behavior will change towards them. Also, the fact shall be noticed that attitude of a person contributes to their behavior at the workplace. The attitudinal aspect helps a person to measure and analyze the seriousness of s a person towards their work (Luthans, Luthans, and Luthans 2015). In many pieces of research it has been found that attitude is an intangible and imaginary concept which drives changes in the behavior of people. Thus, in a workplace people should focus on their attitudes as a change in attitude can reflect the growth of an organization as well. A positive attitude will initiate positivity in the nature/ behavior of a person which will motivate the person to perform more tasks competently whereas on the other hand negative attitude will initiate negative though in the behavior of the person which will demotivate them leading to decrease in efficiency. Further, the attitude of person highly depends upon social and behavioral norms and rules (Giauque 2015). There are many circumstances under which a person becomes capable to determine the behavior of a person at a workplace. The manager of the organization needs to be attentive in order to identify the actual attitude of an employee of the organization. The work attitude of a person gives clues to the manager that who will perform better and who has the potential to excel just need to change attitude (Ritz, et al., 2014). The attitude and behavior share a unique relationship which affects all the activities of a person which perform during their course of action. Thus, if in an organization the manager wants to get aware regarding the behavioral change in a person, then they need to determine the attitude of them. Attitudes are the opinions, beliefs, and aspects which prevail in a person mind relating to the environment and the people. The attitude determines the behavior of a person at work in many different situations. Like, when the distribution of work is made in the organization, at that very moment the attitude of people can be identified by the manager (Azanza, Moriano and Molero 2013). If the employees come up together to perform the task, then I can be said that their behavior is driven by positive attitude whereas if nobody shows up and assumes that the manager will not assign them a duty, and then negative attitude will show up in the behavior of the person. Thus, the fact shall be understo od that behavior is highly influenced by the attitude of the person. And the behavior of a person highly affects the ongoing activities in the organization. So, the manager shall aptly look after, understand and take care of the attitude of people to initiate the easy flow of work (Hlsheger, etl al., 2013). In the personal context, it shall be known that attitude extremely affects the activities of a person which they perform in the day to day life. Attitude is the most important thing which helps and support people to achieve the success they have wished. A good attitude is a personal asset of a person, it helps them to understand thins better, adopt changes easily and manage workflow in a team.it acts as one of the most important factors which helps an individual to overcome the highs and lows in life. Since it is known that attitude is one of the most important which helps a person to coupe up with the atrocities of life, thus it is an important factor which determines the growth and success of a person in professional as well as personal life (Pinder 2014). Attitude helps a person to judge and create an opinion about people and other things prevailing in the environment. The attitude is affected by many things and activities as well. But any change in behavior or one's personality h as a reason and that reason is analyzed by the mind on the basis of the attitude. Like, if a person has experienced some sad happenings around the ocean, then they will automatically develop a negative attitude towards the event happening around the ocean. Therefore, if any opportunity comes them near the ocean, then they will envy it and assume it to be fake on the basis of their attitude. Thus in this way, the attitude affect the behavior of the person and initiate success in their life (Mowday, Porter, and Steers 2013). Job satisfaction refers to the feeling which a person possesses towards their job. Job satisfaction is one of the import aspects which determine the behavior of the employee in the organization. it refers to the satisfaction level which employees during their job period. On the basis of their satisfaction level achieved the employee work in an organization, this shows that higher the satisfaction more efficiency in the work and vice versa. On the other hand, organizational commitment refers to the emotional attachments which the employees gain towards their job and the organization with time (Chun, etl al., 2013). This factor also provides assistance to the organization in receiving efficiency. It shall be known that more the employees like their workplace environment and job, more they are motivated to work and provide maximum benefit to the organization. It shall be noted that both the factors directly or indirectly help the organization in achieving greater satisfaction; they over lap each other as if an employee is happy with their job, and they will get motivated and more committed towards the objective of the organization. An organization shall track such attitudes of the employees as they are directly associated with the outcomes the company received from the implementation of the business process (Fu, and Deshpande 2014). Solely none of the factors has worked for the organization in achieving the desired satisfaction level, but the combination of both helped the organization in achieving the objectives. The employee's attitude towards these two factors (job satisfaction and organizational commitment) has acted as an indicator to the cohesion between the members of the organization and the management. Job satisfaction is a determinative factor of the organizational commitment. But the main point of difference between both the factors is that organizational commitment is the emotional response which the employees have toward the particular organization in which they work and job satisfaction is the emotional response which the employees possess to any job which they perform (Hogg, and Terry 2014). Apart from that, the two factors are highly interrelated with each other and assist each other in maximizing the benefits received by the organization. In regards to the growth of the organization, it is manda tory for the manager to initiate adequate communication in the organization and look after the organizational commitment which the employees possess in the organization. It is a wider term which shall be understood by all, it is the level of affection which an individual develops in their attitude for the organization with time. Further, it is the duty of the manager to look after the attitude of each employee of the organization and determine their organizational commitment, because if the employees of the organization to their particular organization then the company might face in its working. Like, if some price sensitive information is delivered to the employees and the employees are not loyal/ committed to the company, then there might be a risk that the employees can the information which can negatively affect the growth of the organization. Another way that if the employees are highly motivated and committed to the organization then, their attitude will change positively and they will initiate activities which will positively affect the growth of the organization (Dhar 2015). Further, it shall be noted that all these factors depends upon the attitude of the employees and affect their behavior in positive or negative way. So, if the manager takes initiative to resolve the problems of employees and provide them greater satisfaction in their job, then the employees can become more committed towards the organization. Employees being the most important asset of the organization shall drive the organization in the right direction otherwise the company can lose its pace. Thus, in the limelight of above-mentioned events, it shall be noted that attitude of employees affects the change in the behavior of them in an organization (DuBrin 2013). Also, the fact shall be taken into account that job satisfaction and organizational commitment are the two most important factors which affect and has the power to change the attitude an employee in an organization. All these factors are interlinked with each other and somehow emphasize the growth of an organization in the glo bal environment. So, the manager shall always initiate to provide maximum satisfaction to employees and keep them committed to the organization to gain better results. References Azanza, G., Moriano, J.A. and Molero, F., 2013. Authentic leadership and organizational culture as drivers of employees job satisfaction. Revista de Psicologa del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 29(2), pp.45-50. Chun, J.S., Shin, Y., Choi, J.N. and Kim, M.S., 2013. How does corporate ethics contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of collective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Management, 39(4), pp.853-877. 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